Опубликован 04.12.2025
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Аннотация
This paper presents the scientific principles underlying the design, calibration, and operation of a low-cost capacitive soil moisture sensor coupled with a microcontroller-driven automated irrigation system. The sensor measures the dielectric permittivity of soil to infer volumetric water content, leveraging the large contrast between the dielectric constants of water, air, and soil minerals. Signal conditioning, temperature compensation, and hysteresis minimization are addressed through robust circuit design and firmware algorithms. The control system employs proportional-integral-derivative (PID) logic to maintain soil moisture within agronomically optimal thresholds, reducing water use by 25–40% compared to timer-based irrigation. Field validation in loamy and sandy soils demonstrates high accuracy (±2% v/v) and reliability over multiple growing seasons. This integrated approach provides a scalable, energy-efficient solution for precision agriculture and water conservation.
Библиографические ссылки
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