PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF NANOSTRUCTURED CLAY–BIOCHAR COMPOSITES FOR SUSTAINABLE SOIL ENHANCEMENT

Аннотация

The intensive use of mineral fertilizers and the degradation of agricultural soils have created an urgent need for sustainable soil amendment technologies. Nanostructured clay–biochar composites have emerged as promising multifunctional materials capable of improving soil fertility, water retention, nutrient use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the production technology of nanostructured clay–biochar composites, including raw material selection, biochar synthesis, nanostructuring strategies, composite fabrication methods, and quality control. Emphasis is placed on the synergistic interactions between clay minerals and biochar at the nanoscale, as well as their impact on soil physicochemical and biological properties. Environmental and agronomic benefits, challenges, and future research directions are discussed.